Communicable Disease

The virus is transmitted to humans via the bite of infected various mosquitoes of the genus Culex (Culex tritaeniorhynchus and gelidus). It infects pigs and various wild birds as well as humans. Mosquitoes become infective after feeding on viraemic pigs or birds (reservoir). Humans are a dead-end host in the JE transmission cycle.

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Tuberculosis (TB) HIV

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Avian Influenza is a disease caused by type A flu virus (Avian Influenza). This flu virus comes from groups Orthomyxoviridae virus and common among birds.

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Encephalitis is defined by the presence of an inflammatory process of the brain tissue in association with clinical evidence of neurologic dysfunction.1 Meningoencephalitis is an inflammatory process involving both the brain tissue and meninges2

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Tuberculosis prevention treatment is given to HIV patients to prevent them from getting active TB.

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NSEP is an acronym for Needle Syringe Exchange Programme. It is a part of harm reduction programme. It is a programme where used needles and syringes are exchanged with sterile ones among intravenous drug users

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Current HIV therapy available in selected government health clinics and hospitals in Malaysia is highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). HAART therapy consists of at least three antiretroviral (ARV) drugs to suppress the HIV virus and to stop the disease progression.

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In late March and early April 2009, the outbreak of the novel Influenza A H1N1 virus infection was first detected in Mexico. This virus subsequently caused the 2009 H1N1 flu pandemic. A pandemic is said to occur if a new virus emerges and spreads around the world. In Malaysia more than 15,000 individuals were confirmed to have been infected with this virus during the initial wave of the pandemic.

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Avian influenza or "bird flu" is a contagious disease of animals caused by viruses that normally infect only birds and less commonly, pigs. Avian influenza viruses are highly species-specific, but have on rare occasions, crossed the species barrier to infect humans.

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A flu pandemic occurs when a new subtype of flu virus emerges that has not previously circulated in humans. The present concern is that the current avian flu will change into a form that is highly infectious for humans and spreads easily from person to person. This will mark the start of a global outbreak (a pandemic).

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