Common Illness & Condition Required During Travel

Introduction Sporadic cases are found worldwide. In temperate zones, most cases occur in the winter months. Localized outbreaks occur in enclosed crowded spaces (e.g dormitories, military barracks or during pilgrims performing Hajj). In Sub-Saharan Africa, in a zone stretching across the continent from Senegal to Ethiopia (the African ‘meningitis belt’), …

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Introduction Pneumococcal diseases are a worldwide public health problem. S. pneumonia is the leading cause of severe pneumonia in children under 5 years of age, causing over one (1) million deaths each year mainly in developing countries. In industrialized countries most infection occurs in the elderly Causative agent: Pneumococcal disease …

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Introduction It happens Worldwide. In temperate regions, influenza is seasonal disease occurring in winter. It affects the Northern hemisphere from November to March and the Southern hemisphere from April to September. In Tropical areas there is no clear seasonal pattern, and influenza may occur at any time of the year. …

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Introduction Worldwide. Sexually transmitted infections have been known since ancient times, they remain a major public health problem which was compounded by the appearance of HIV/AIDS around 1980. Since the early cases of AIDS that was reported among male homosexuals in Los Angeles, United States of America, in 1981, extensive …

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Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by a bacteria known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis that usually affects the lungs, although it can affect any part of the body like bones, joints, genito-urinary, intestines, skin, tuberculous meningitis and others. TB is one of the major global public health challenges and …

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Introduction Chikungunya is a self limiting febrile viral disease, which spreads to humans via infected mosquitoes. CHIKV was first isolated from the blood of a febrile patient in Tanzania in 1953, and has since been identified repeatedly in West, Central and Southern Africa and many areas of Asia, and has …

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Introduction Dengue is one of the most important arthropod-borne viral diseases in terms of human morbidity and mortality. Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions around the world predominantly in urban and semi urban areas. Dengue occurs from bite of an infected female Aedes mosquito. Aedes mosquito is most frequently found …

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Introduction Hepatitis A is a viral infection which can be silent. Worldwide, but most common where sanitary conditions are poor and the safety of drinking water is not well controlled. Areas of high risk are Central and South America, Africa and Southern Asia out to Indonesia. Causative agent: Hepatitis A …

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Introduction Typhoid is a bacterial infection of the digestive tract. Worldwide, the disease occurs most commonly in association with poor standards of hygiene in food preparation and handling and where sanitary disposal of sewage is lacking Generally low risk for travelers, except in parts of north and west Africa, in …

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Introduction Cholera is one of the oldest and best understood epidemic diseases. Cholera is a bacterial infection which causes severe diarrhea and can eventually lead to death through severe dehydration. Typical settings for cholera are periurban slums where basic infrastructure is missing. Outbreaks of cholera can also occur on a …

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