GENERAL

Introduction In the past 45 years I have been working in palm oil plantation as a contractor worker. As a worker in an estate, I apply fertilize to the oil palm trees, spray pesticides and crop the oil palm fruits. I am a 60 years old married man living with …

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Introduction Radiotherapy uses radiation such as x-rays, gamma rays, electron beams or protons to kill or damage cancer cells and stop them from growing and multiplying. It is a localized treatment, which means it generally only affects the part of the body where the radiation is directed. The radiotherapy treatment …

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Introduction Medical imaging has led to improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of many medical conditions in children and adults. There are many types – or modalities – of medical imaging procedures that are used on children, each of which uses different technologies and techniques. Computed Tomography (CT), fluoroscopy, and …

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Introduction Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is a non-invasive diagnostic test of measuring biochemical changes from the brain, especially the presence of tumors. While magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) identifies the anatomical location of a tumor, MRS compares the chemical composition of normal brain tissue with abnormal tumor tissue. Tissue changes into …

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Introduction Personal Dosimeter has been used in various field that deals with ionizing radiation. It is one of requirement for personal that working with ionizing radiation for personal radiation monitoring. Nowadays variety of personal dosimeter that promising high detection sensitivity to get high accuracy of personal dose. Personal dosimeter can …

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Introduction Lead protective apparel for x-ray shielding such as lead aprons, thyroid shield, gonad shield and gauntlets is an example for personnel protective equipment. The purpose is to keep occupational exposures to radiation within the appropriate limits and as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). The lead is leaded impregnated vinyl …

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Sound can be transmitted or perceived with our human ears in two ways, either through air conduction or bone conduction. In a normal individual, sound passes through the ear canal and hits the eardrum, creating a mechanical vibration through the middle ear bones (Ossicles). The mechanical vibrations is then transmitted …

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This device is a tool that is used to ensure the position of the patient is stable and can be maintained, without any movement. This is vital because any movement that can be made by the patient who puts on the device can result in inaccurate treatment delivery. Inaccurate treatment results in cancer cell not getting radiation and may be harmful to nearby sensitive organs that should not receive radiation.

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Radiotherapy is a treatment modality used in the management of cancer. This modality uses high energy ionizing radiation to kill the cancer cells. The delivery of high doses of radiation to the tumour is intended to cure, control or reduce symptoms of the disease.

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Spinal cord injury occurs when there is any damage to the spinal cord that blocks communication between the brain and the body.

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